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1.
Rev. argent. endocrinol. metab ; 52(4): 185-193, set. 2015. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-957931

ABSTRACT

El hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPP) clásico presenta hipercalcemia y PTH elevada. Actualmente, se describen formas atípicas con calcemia y/o PTH normal. El calcitriol inhibe la secreción de PTH en ausencia de autonomía. Para evaluarla, realizamos una prueba de inhibición con calcitriol en 103 pacientes con elevación mínima, intermitente o ausente de calcio iónico (CaI), calcio total (CaT) y/o PTH. Se midió CaT, CaI y PTH séricos, y calcio/creatinina urinaria de 24 y 2 horas previo y posterior a la administración oral de 0,75 ug de calcitriol por 10 días. Se excluyeron aquellos con 25OHD menor a 20 ng/ml y/o seguimiento inferior a un año. La respuesta se clasificó en dos grupos: A) hipercalcemia con PTH alta o normal (HPP) o B) descenso de PTH sin aumentar la calcemia (hiperparatiroidismo secundario). El HPP fue confirmado por imágenes y/o cirugía. Ambos grupos fueron similares en edad y 25OHD, con un seguimiento promedio de 70 ± 34 meses. El CaT y CaI basales y pos prueba fueron significativamente mayores en el grupo A que en el B, donde se mantuvieron estables. La calciuria se incrementó en ambos grupos por igual, en forma dependiente (grupo A) e independiente (grupo B) de la calcemia. La PTH basal fue similar en ambos grupos. Posprueba, se produjo un descenso significativamente mayor en el grupo B (44 % ± 18) que en el A (15 % ± 27), sugiriendo resistencia al calcitriol. Con curvas ROC, una inhibición menor al 30 % posee una sensibilidad (S) y especificidad (E) de 85 % y 88 % para el diagnóstico de HPP. Dos pacientes del grupo B desarrollaron HPP clásico a los 17 y 37 meses de seguimiento lo que otorga a la prueba una S 90 % y E 100 % para el diagnóstico de HPP, constituyendo una herramienta útil y rápida para evidenciar la autonomía paratiroidea.


Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) is a disorder characterized traditionally by hypercalcemia and elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, this complete biological pattern is sometimes lacking. Some PHP patients display either normal or intermit tently elevated serum calcium level as well as hypercalcemia with normal PTH levels. PTH synthesis is negatively controlled by calcitriol through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). We assessed the diagnostic value of a PTH inhibition test with calcitriol in the diagnosis of PHP, in 103 patients who have minimal, intermittent, or no elevation of the levels of total or ionized calcium, and/or intact PTH. Patients with 25OHD < 20 ng/ml or less than a year follow up were excluded. We measured serum total calcium (CaT), ionized calcium (CaI), PTH and urinary calcium in 47 patients before and after the oral administration of calcitriol 0.75 ug once daily for 10 days. The biochemical response was classified as A) increase in serum calcium with high or normal PTH levels (PHP) or B) PTH suppression without hypercalcemia (secondary hyperparathyroidism). PHP was confirmed by images or surgery. The two groups were similar in age and 25 OHD levels. The mean follow up was 70 ± 34 months. Basal serum CaT and CaI were higher in group A. After the loading, this difference was even bigger, what gives additional specificity to the measure. Urine calcium was equally augmented by calcitriol in both groups, with coincident elevation of serum calcium in group A but not in B, in which serum calcium remained stable. Basal PTH levels were similar in both groups, so they cannot reliable distinguish between both types of hyperparathyroidism. After the calcitriol load, PTH dropped 44 % ± 18 in group B versus 15 % ± 27 in group A, suggesting some degree of resistance to the hormone action in PHP. ROC curves shows that a reduction of less than 30 % in PTH levels can diagnose PHP with 85% sensibility and 88% specificity. Only two patients in group B behaved as PHP at 17 and 37 months follow up, what gives the test 90 % sensibility and 100 % specificity for the diagnosis of PHP. So, this well-tolerated and easily performed test could be used for the diagnosis of PHP in patients suspected for the disease despite the normality of some basal biological markers.

2.
Rev. argent. endocrinol. metab ; 52(3): 129-136, jun. 2015. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-957924

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El microcarcinoma diferenciado de tiroides (MCDT) es definido por la OMS, como un tumor <10 mm en su diámetro mayor. Estos tumores son casi exclusivamente de estirpe papilar, representando el 30 % de todos los carcinomas papilares. La historia natural del MCDT es poco conocida y existe una controversia sobre cuál es la óptima forma de abordaje. Objetivos: 1) Analizar retrospectivamente las características del MCDT; 2) Evaluar factores de riesgo de persistencia/recurrencia en una cohorte retrospectiva seguida en la C.A.B.A. Materiales y Métodos: Se recolectaron los datos de 187 pacientes en un estudio retrospectivo multicéntrico y se analizaron las características clínicas, histopatológicas, bioquímicas y distintos factores pronósticos del MCDT. Resultados: El 82,8 % eran mujeres, con una X ± DS de edad de 48 ± 13 años. La mediana de tiempo de seguimiento fue de 38 meses (r: 1-120). El 97 % de los tumores eran de estirpe papilar. En el 29,4 % de los pacientes el hallazgo fue incidental, de los cuales el 57 % se operó por el tamaño del bocio. El 81 % de los pacientes fue sometido a una tiroidectomía total, mientras que el 91,4 % recibió ablación posquirúrgica con radioiodo. Los 174 pacientes que fueron seguidos por más de 12 meses, con una X ± DS de 49 ± 36,9 meses, fueron incluidos en el análisis de sobrevida. El 84 % estaban libres de enfermedad (LE) al final del seguimiento. De los factores de persistencia/recurrencia analizados, la Tg preablativa > 20 ng/ml resultó un predictor independiente. Al realizar el análisis de regresión de Cox para el evento LE, se demostró que tanto la edad

Introduction: Differentiated thyroid microcarcinoma (MCDT) has been defined as a differentiated thyroid cancer measuring 10 mm or less. The majority of these tumors are papillary thyroid carcinomas and comprise 30 % of all papillary thyroid carcinomas. Little is known of its natural history and there is an ongoing controversy in the field regarding its optimum management. Objectives: 1) To describe the characteristics of MCDT 2) To assess risk factors for persistence and/ or recurrence of disease in a retrospective cohort of patients followed up at several health centers of the City of Buenos Aires (CABA). Patients and Methods: The medical records of 187 patients with MCDT operated on between January 1st, 2000 and December 31st, 2009 at several centers of CABA were retrospectively reviewed, and clinical, histopathological, biochemical characteristics and risk factors were assessed. Results: Most of the patients were female (82.8 %) and their mean age was 48 ± 13 (X ± SD) years. Median follow up was 38 months (range: 1 to 120 months), and 97 % of tumors were papillary thyroid cancers. Incidentalomas accounted for 29.4 % of tumors, mostly found during a surgical procedure undergone for the size of the goitre. Over 81 % of patients underwent a total thyroidectomy, while 91.4 % received radioactive iodine ablation. Patients with a follow-up longer than 12 months after surgery were analyzed longitudinally to assess prognostic factors of disease outcome (174 patients). After a mean follow-up of 49 ± 36.9 months, 146 (84 %) patients had no evidence of disease. Only postoperative, preablation Tg levels > 20 ng/ml were identified as an independent adverse prognostic factor in the multivariate analyses. In addition, age < 45 ys. (p< 0.01), tumor size > 0.5cm (p<0.017), and preablation Tg levels >20 ng/ml (p<0.011) were independent prognostic factors of a longer time to disease remission in the longitudinal analyses. Conclusion: Differentiated thyroid microcarcinoma has an excellent prognosis in our local practice, with 84 % disease remission at long-term follow-up. Age at diagnosis, tumor size and preablation Tg levels were independent prognostic factors of time to disease remission.

3.
Rev. argent. endocrinol. metab ; 51(1): 8-14, abr. 2014. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-750594

ABSTRACT

Introducción: la clasificación de la American Thyroid Association (ATA) para carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides (CDT) aporta una visión estática del paciente al inicio y no está diseñada para ser modificada. El Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MS-KCC) diseñó una reclasificación a 2 años del tratamiento inicial (TI), permitiendo tener una óptica más dinámica. Objetivo: comunicar nuestra experiencia con la reclasificación del riesgo de recurrencia de los pacientes con CDT según el sistema del MS-KCC. Material y métodos: estudio observacional retrospectivo descriptivo de los resultados de la reclasificación del riesgo de recurrencia de los pacientes con CDT a 2 años del TI. Los clasificamos al inicio según la ATA y los reclasificamos a 2 años del TI según el MS-KCC. Resultados: clasificamos 31 pacientes según ATA: riesgo bajo 17 (54,8 %), riesgo intermedio 13 (42 %) y riesgo alto 1 (3,2 %) y reclasificación según MS-KCC: respuesta excelente 25 (80,6 %), respuesta aceptable 6 (19,4 %) y respuesta incompleta 0 (0 %). De los riesgo bajo, 14 (82,4 %) tuvieron una respuesta excelente y 3 (17,6 %) respuesta aceptable; los de riesgo intermedio, 11 (84,6 %) respuesta excelente y 2 (15,4 %) respuesta aceptable y los de riesgo alto, 1 (100 %) respuesta aceptable. Estado clínico a 2 años del TI: libre de enfermedad (LE) 25 (80,6 %) y persistencia bioquímica (PB) 6 (19,4 %). Al final del seguimiento a largo plazo, los pacientes con respuesta excelente, 24 (96 %) permanecieron LE y 1 (4 %) sin datos por falta de seguimiento. Conclusiones: 1) la reclasificación fue de gran utilidad principalmente en el grupo de riesgo intermedio, 2 la reclasificación nos permitirá optimizar el seguimiento de los pacientes y 3) hubo buena correlación entre el estado clínico a 2 años del TI y al final del seguimiento a largo plazo. Rev Argent Endocrinol Metab 51:8-14, 2014 Los autores declaran no poseer conflictos de interés.


Introduction: differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most frequent endocrine tumor generally showing a favourable outcome. The American Thyroid Association (ATA) classification system is not only useful to assess the risk of recurrence but also guides tumor follow-up. However, this system shows a static image of the patient at the beginning of treatment based on clinical and pathological features, and it has not been designed to be modified along the clinical course of disease. Therefore, the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MS-KCC) has designed a reclassification system after 2 years of the initial treatment (IT) thus providing a dynamic perspective of each patient. Objective: to report our experience with the MS-KCC risk of recurrence reclassification system on DTC patients. Materials and methods: retrospective observational descriptive study of the results of the reclassification system of the DCT patients after two years of IT with surgery and radioiodine ablation, between October 2004 and April 2011. Data was obtained by reviewing the charts of patients. All surgeries, laboratory determinations and nuclear medicine procedures took place at our Hospital. Patients were classified according to initial risk of recurrence based on the ATA system and they were reclassified following the system proposed by the MS-KCC 2 years after IT. Patients with antithyroglobulin antibodies > 12 IU/ml were excluded due to interference with thyroglobulin determination. Results: we reviewed data of 31 patients diagnosed with DTC. They were classified according to the ATA system as: low risk 17 (54.8 %), intermediate risk 13 (42 %) and high risk 1 (3.2 %) and they were reclassified following the MS-KCC system as having: excellent response 25 (80.6 %), acceptable response 6 (19.4 %) and incomplete response 0 (0 %). An excellent response was observed in 14 (82.4 %) and an acceptable response was observed in 3 (17.6 %) of the low-risk classified patients; an excellent response was observed in 11 (84.6 %) and an acceptable response was observed in 2 (15.4 %) of the intermediate-risk classified patients and in the high-risk group 1 patient (100 %) presented an acceptable response. Clinical status of patients after 2 years of IT: 25 (80.6 %) with no evidence of disease (NED), 6 (19.4 %) with biochemical persistence (BP) and 0 (0 %) with structural persistence (EP), recurrence (R) or death (D). After a mean long-term follow-up period of 51.3 months, the clinical status was: 25 (80.6 %) with NED, 4 (12.9 %) with BP and (0 %) with EP, R or D; for the remaining 2 (6.5 %) no long-term follow-up data was available (ND). At the end of the long-term follow-up period, 24 (96 %) patients with excellent response after 2 years of IT remained NED, whereas 1 (4 %) was reported as ND and 1 (16.7 %) patient with acceptable response after 2 years of IT remained NED (initially this was a low-risk patient), 4 (66.6 %) remained BP, 1 (16.7 %) was reported as ND and no EP, R or D was observed. Conclusions: 1) reclassification of patients was particularly useful in the intermediate risk group because 84.6 % of these patients had an excellent response after two years of IT, 2) reclassification of patients based on the response to IT, allows us to optimize their follow-up and 3) although the mean long-term follow-up period was 51.3 months, there was a good correlation between clinical status after two years of IT and after the long-term follow-up period, mainly in the excellent response group. Rev Argent Endocrinol Metab 51:8-14, 2014 No financial conflicts of interest exist.

4.
Rev. argent. endocrinol. metab ; 50(2): 63-70, jul. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-694891

ABSTRACT

Ante la baja frecuencia del carcinoma medular de tiroides (CMT), en el Departamento de Tiroides de SAEM nos propusimos realizar un estudio de cohorte, observacional, retrospectivo y multicéntrico. Se incluyeron 219 pacientes con diagnóstico histológico de CMT. El 65 % fueron mujeres, la edad promedio fue de 39 ± 20 años (1 a 84 años); 44-% de los casos fueron familiares. Las formas de presentación más frecuentes fueron nódulo tiroideo (58 %) y pesquisa genética por antecedente familiar (22 %). Si bien la citología tiroidea fue diagnóstica de CMT en el 39 % de los casos, fue determinante de indicación quirúrgica en el 79 %. En el 47 % de los pacientes el diagnóstico de CMT se obtuvo previamente al tratamiento quirúrgico inicial por punción aspiración con aguja fina (PAAF), estudio genético o nivel de calcitonina (CT)). El 65 % se presentó en estadios avanzados (TNM III y IV). El estudio del protoncogen RET se realizó en 162 pacientes (74 %). En el 49 % se observó mutación siendo la más frecuente (76 %) en el codón 634. La forma hereditaria más frecuentemente observada fue el síndrome de neoplasia endocrina múltiple (NEM) 2A (57 % de los casos familiares), seguida por carcinoma medular familiar (25 %) y NEM 2B (13 %). Los casos familiares tuvieron menor edad al diagnóstico y mayor frecuencia de diagnóstico prequirúrgico. Los casos índice tuvieron mayor edad al momento del diagnóstico, mayores niveles de antígeno carcinoembrionario (CEA) y CT prequirúrgicos, mayor proporción de estadios III y IV y mayor porcentaje de evidencia de enfermedad al momento de la última consulta que aquellos detectados por pesquisa. En 143 pacientes (65 %) se obtuvieron registros completos de seguimiento en los que se analizaron los factores relacionados con la evolución. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 44 meses: fallecieron 21 pacientes (14,6 %) y 122 (86 %) viven; 76 de estos (54 %) se encuentran libres de enfermedad. El grupo con evidencia de enfermedad se presentó en estadios más avanzados. Resultaron factores de mayor riesgo para evidencia de enfermedad: sexo masculino, CMT esporádico, niveles elevados de CT prequirúrgicos, estadio IV y presencia de metástasis. Los niveles de CT posquirúrgicos fueron menores en aquellos pacientes que en la evolución final no presentaron evidencia de enfermedad. El principal factor pronóstico de la evolución de los pacientes con CMT fue el estadio de presentación, determinando la importancia del diagnóstico precoz con el fin de poder implementar un tratamiento quirúrgico curativo en estadios menos avanzados.


Due to the low frequency of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), an observational, cohort, retrospective multicenter study was conducted at the Thyroid Department of the Endocrine and Metabolism Argentine Society (SAEM). We included 219 patients with histologically proven MTC, with a mean age of 39 ± 20 yr (range 1-84 years). Sixty five percent were women and 44% were familial cases. The most common presentations were thyroid nodule (58 %) and genetic screening due to family history (22 %). In 39 % of patients, diagnosis of MTC was made by fine needle aspiration, but cytology led to surgery in 79 %. In 47 % of patients, MTC was diagnosed by cytology, calcitonin (CT) levels or genetic studies prior to initial surgery. Sixty five percent of patients had advanced stages of the disease (TNM III or IV) at diagnosis. Proto-oncogene RET was studied in 162 patients (74 %). In 49% a mutation was reported, most frequently in codon 634 (76 %). Regarding hereditary forms of MTC, MEN 2A was the most frequent (57%), followed by familial MTC in 25 % and MEN 2B in 13 % of cases. Familial cases were younger subjects and had more frequently a pre-surgery diagnosis. Index cases were older, with higher CEA and CT levels, presented in more advanced stages and had more frequently evidence of disease at final assessment than patients who were diagnosed by genetic screening. Follow-up records of 143 patients were analyzed (65%); median time was 44 months; 21 patients died (14.6 %) and 122 survived (86 %), 76 showed no evidence of disease (NED) (54 %). High risk factors for evidence of disease at the final evaluation were: male gender, sporadic MTC, higher CT pre-surgery levels, stage IV and metastasis. Post surgery CT levels were lower in patients with NED. Stage at initial diagnosis was the main prognostic factor in patients with MTC, determining the importance of early detection for performing curative surgery in less advanced stages.

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